The Fourth Amendment

The fourth amendment gives people the right to privacy until a warrant is issued with probable cause. A court case that uses this amendment is the Georgia VS. Randolph case. In this case, a person believes that her husband has left, but they must get a warrant to get him.The court ruled against him, so he went to jail. Another  case that uses this is the U.S. VS. Martinez-Furetie case. This case is when a motorist was driving, and he got stopped, they could not search him until they got probable cause. When they did, they ruled against him. Lastly, a case that shows this is the Delaware VS. Prouse case. This case shows a link to this amendment because it was a testament to whether or not a police officer could stop a vehicle and search it without a warrant. This case ruled in favor that the officer could not unless he had a warrant or probable cause. Those are all of the cases that show the fourth amendment in action.

Who we met...

      While exploring we met a French fur trader named Toussaint Charbonneau, his Shoshone wife Sacagawea, and their baby, Jean-Baptiste.This Frenchman and his family previously mentions were of very famous standards and are known for many deeds. However, we also met several tribes and chiefs along the way, including natives from the Arikara, Assiniboine, Athabaska, Blackfoot, Columbian Plateau, Cree, Crow, Eliatan, Eneshur, Flathead, Grand Osage, Kickapoo, Mandan, Minitari, Omaha, Oto, Pawnee, Shoshone, Sioux, Skillute, Teton Sioux, Yakima, and Yankton Sioux tribes as well as several British and French hunters and fur traders. Some of these people would be hostile to us, but many of these tribes and people were friendly to us in our expeditions and explorations westward.

Expanding America

The last part of the assignment was cut off, so this is all that I can do.

     While walking through the wild parts, we have come across many animals that have seemed to flourish in the remote parts of this land. While going across the flat earth, we have seen many herds of buffalo that run free across the open plains. Also, we have seen many small prairie dogs scampering around along the ground looking for food. Other forms of animals, such as deer and bears can be found scattered among these animals. The insects that seem to thrive here are such parasites as mosquitoes and flies. Yet the do not seem to bother the natural wildlife that lives here.

Westward Movement

By the mid-nineteenth century, the American economy that had been based on local commerce and small-scale farming was maturing into a dynamic, wide-reaching capitalist marketplace. It used to be that over half of the people in the U.S. lived on the western half of the united states, but the pioneer families had it very hard and it was a very grim life to have to lead. But their efforts have helped to make America grow into the great nation that it is today.

The Effects of Industry

Early American factories were usually owned by individuals, families, or partners. But then this canged and people began to grow to be able to create many things that we need. This has helped our country to grow and prosper into the country that it is today.

The Growth of Industry

The growth of industry was important to America because we invented many things that are important to us today, such as the cotton gin. This has helped us to grow as a country.

The Growth of America

The growth of America was important to us because if we didn,t grow, we would have lost everything. Also, if we didn't grow, we would have been cast away as a third world country.

Election of Madison

     James Madison left the presidents office after 2 terms. The war between England and France was causing America a lot of problems. England punished America for trading with France, and France punished America for trading with England. England also encouraged the Indians in the west to attack the American settlers. James Madison felt that war was necessary. After two weeks of debating in Congress, America declared war on England. Several federalists who did not support the war secretly provided British troops with food, supplies, and money. New England did not let its troops fight outside of the state.

The Monroe Doctrine

     During the Congress of Vienna form 1814 through 1815, the Holy alliance halted liberal movements in Italy. Six years later, the alliance subdued Spanish rebels. The following year, France crossed into Spain and restored all power to the Spanish king. Britain, however, had benefitted greatly by trading with the Spanish republic in South America, and did not want the monarchy to resume. Britain tried to ally with the U.S. against the Holy Alliance, but the U.S. did not see this as a very intelligent course of action. This decision was made by John Adams, and supported by Monroe. Monroe created a statement of American policy in his seventh annual message to Congress.
     The first point he raised was that colonization had ended in the Americas. They were free of European influence and all powers in Europe should not try to interfere. He believed that the two political systems, those of Europe and the Americas, were entirely too diferent to be merged in any way. Secondly, he made it known that Americans would not interfere with existing European colonies in any way. This statement had little immediate effect, but it led to patriotism throughout the America's.

Jefferson Embargo

     Because of many hostile and unfavorable actions made by England, Jefferson created an embrago. This stopped all American exports. It was not a very effective course of action for him to take. Actually, it damaged America more than anyone else. Farmers and manufacturers now had no outlets for their products. Jefferson's popularity dropped drastically due to this. He repealed the embargo only a few days before he left office.

John Marshall

      While he was on the bench, there were many important cases considered by the court. Three major principles that that these famous cases involved were contract rights protection, the supremacy of federal legislation over the laws of the states, and regulation of interstate commerce. In the contract rights case of Fletcher v. Peck, members of the Georgia legislature were bribed to sell thirty-five million acres in Mississippi for a small amount to private speculators. The following year, a new Georgia legislature rescinded the sale.
      In another case, the state of New Hampshire tried to alter Dartmouth College's charter. A New Hampshire court tried to change it from a private to a public institution. It was ruled that the charter could not be changed. In Martin v. Hunter's Lessee, the state of Virginia confiscated land owned by a British Loyalist names Denny Martin Fairfax. Virginia gave 800 acres of the confiscated lands to David Hunter. Denny Martin Fairfax was trying to get his land back. The Supreme Court and Justice Marshall overruled the Virginia court, declaring that the land belonged to Fairfax and took the land away from Hunter.
      Many people say that McCulloch v. Maryland the John Marshall's most important case while Supreme Court Chief Justice. It dealt with the division of power between the federal government and the states. The state of Maryland placed an annual tax on the Bank of the United States and other "foreign" banks in order to protect its local banks. The Maryland branch of the Bank of the United States refused to pay, and Maryland bought suit against the chief bank emplouee called the "head cashier," John W. McCulloch. Marshall upheld the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States. Since the bank was legal, the tax was unconstitutional and Maryland lost its case.

Marbury V. Madison

In 1801, John Marshall created the Judiciary Act of 1801, which created 16 new federal judgeships and a few other jobs, caused a large amount of controversey with the people. This act was eventually repealled and caused William Marbury to sue and this was taken to the supreme court. The supreme court ruled in favor of Marbury, but they could not do anything about it. This was fixed when The Chief of Justice Marshall gave more power to the courts. Then, in 1804, this cause a revolt of the people against Samuell Chase, but he was never convicted of anything, so, he was let free.